Expertise in any domain – whether chess, language learning, medical diagnosis, carpentry, or statistical analysis – involves hundreds of hours of deliberate, experimental practice. This results in the following:

• Developing the perception of relationships and patterns through ‘chunking’ (see the post on chess expertise).
• Developing a highly organised knowledge bank that guides perception, and the efficient and deep search of the ‘problem space’.
• Developing intuitions are honed that goes well beyond conscious analysis and problem solving.

This is the basis of expertise.

How can HighIQPro® training help with the development of expertise?

1. Number of chunks that you can reason & plan with at one time

High IQ Pro® training improves your working memory capacity – by 65% in 20 days. Working memory is short term memory for items of information that can be used in analysing, thinking and reflecting. There is a striking capacity limit in how many of these items of information can be used by working memory – usually only 2-3.  The evidence shows that there is generally no difference between novices and experts in terms of working memory capacity. What usually makes the expert superior is his or her ability to ‘chunk’ information in the way we discussed in the previous blog.  Chunking can encode more complex and meaningful patterns of information as a unit.

High IQ Pro® training can actually increase the number of chunks that can be held in mind – from around 2-3 to 4-6. This facilitates the process of ‘chunking’ – more complex patterns can be converted into ‘units’  for working memory. Also, it allows for MORE chunks to be held in mind for analysis, thinking and reflecting.

2. Expectations, failure and analysis

Expertise in chess and other domains is largely automatic. Masters and Grandmasters play moves intuitively and often cannot give reasons for why they make the moves they do – they just feel right. With intuition comes expectations. When we make mistakes, we experience what psychologists call ‘expectation failures’. When there is failure, attention is drawn to the problem and reasoning processes try to figure out why it ‘went wrong’. This involves active reasoning and problem solving.  High IQ Pro® training improves fluid intelligence – our ‘on the spot’ reasoning and analytic ability in situations that are new or unexpected. So it is clear that this process of analysing unexpected failures – which is needed for developing our expertise – benefits from this kind of brain training.

3. The efficiency of absorbing lessons

Becoming an expert requires lots of practice – up to 10 years of practice on some accounts. And we know that this practice must be deliberate – meaning focused, purposeful and systematic. It must involve conscious  experimentation – analysing the situation, generating tactics about how to tackle something, trying things out, and learning from the feedback. This speeds up the learning process considerably.

Training with High IQ Pro® software increases your ability to be deliberate in this experimental way during practice. This improves your overall efficiency of gaining expertise through practice.

To find out more about our software click here.

Related posts:

1. How Do Experts Differ From Novices? Perception.
2. How Making Mistakes & Intuition Made Magnus Carlson Chess No 1

Matrix Reasoning problems are one of the best ways to measure our fluid intelligence. The famous ‘Ravens Matrices’ IQ test (standard and advanced) – which Mensa accepts as a qualifying IQ test – are made up of ONLY matrix reasoning problems. All IQ tests have a section for these types of problems. This problem set is from Bergman Data and Smartkits.com.

These types of problems are often used in job aptitude (psychometric) tests.

Try to complete all problems in half an hour. Most of these types of questions have time limits, so it is advised to work through them with a sense of limited time. If one is taking time, skip it and return to it later. They tend to get more difficult as they go along. Getting practice in these problems will help your performance in any IQ test. If you get 6-9 correct you have a chance at Mensa with some training; if you get 10-12, you should not struggle with the Mensa challenge.

There has been a change in some of these questions, to get a more representative variety of questions! If you were working on the older set, I can provide answers for those too!

Answers will be provided next week.

ARE YOU READY?…

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6. What figure should come next (after e)?

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10. Which one is NOT part of the series?

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Answers for the Matrix problems in this post.

1. 7, 2. D, 3. A, 4. D, 5. A,  6. 1, 7. 1, 8. B, 9. 5, 10. 1 OR 5 (did anyone spot this?). 11. 5, 12. C.

Note that with 10, you may have found an answer, and assumed this was the only answer, but two answers are in fact possible.

You can see explanations for most of these answers here.

Solving these kinds of problems requires finding underlying rules. Here is an example from a famous IQ test called Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices:

1.  Each row contains 3 shapes (triangle, square, diamond).

2.  Each row has 3 bars (black, striped, clear).

3.  The orientation of each bar is the same within a row, but varies from row to row (vertical, horizontal, diagonal).

From these 3 rules, the answer can be inferred (5).

Feel free to leave your answers as a comment. If you are interested in more IQ test questions – click here.

Free subscription for our blog updates straight to your mailbox. Unsubscribe at any time at the click of a button.

Related posts:

1. Lateral Thinking Brain Teasers
2. Advantages of Matrix Tests for Measuring IQ
3. Matrices Problems In Mensa’s IQ tests

Smooth ice is paradise for those who dance with expertise. Nietzsche

Experts differ from novices in perception, memory and reasoning/problem solving. In this blog we will look at perception.

Perception is an active process: we select and organise the data that bombards our senses, based on our knowledge base. Since experts’ knowledge is different to novices’, experts differ from novices as soon as a scene is perceived. Experts literally “see” situations taken from their domain of expertise differently to novices. This perceptual advantage is one of the keys to experts’ superior performance.

Here is an example from chess. How is this scene ‘perceived’ by a novice vs a master vs a grandmaster? The examples are from Fernand Gobet. What do YOU see when you see this chess board?

A novice may only be able to ‘take in’ one piece at a time, scanning from one to the other – like this.

A Master on the other hand sees ‘chunks’ of multiple pieces – familiar patterns, meaningful relationships of pieces, that are instantly seen as a unit – like the ones below. Masters have been estimated to have about 100,000 chunks that organize their perception.

A grandmaster may perceive an entire arrangement of pieces as one meaningful unit – one chunk, like this:

Research looking at where the eyes scan or ‘fixate’ a scene also reveal striking differences between chess Masters and novices. Experts perceive the relational elements of a scene in parallel while novices perceive elements one by one, and experts look at the key features of the situation more rapidly. This can be seen in below, where the Master quickly scans to where most of the moves will develop.

What is true for chess experts is true for experts in any domain. Experts literally see problems differently from novices: they see meaningful patterns and relationships, while novices just see the unrelated elements.

Think of your own area of expertise. When you perceive scenarios in your field, do you ‘chunk’ information in this way?

Related posts:

1. How High IQ Pro Accelerates Gaining Expertise
2. How Making Mistakes & Intuition Made Magnus Carlson Chess No 1

Mindfulness Practice

Transcribed from an audio file on Gil Fronsdal’s excellent Insight Meditation Center website.

You can try this for 10 minutes to begin with, and build up to half an hour or longer each time you meditate. Try to meditate once a day.

Preparation

1. Sit in a comfortable position, eyes closed, preferably with the back upright.

2. It can be helpful to start a period of meditation with two or three deep breaths to establish a clear connection between the body and the breath and to shed some of the preoccupations of the mind.

3. Start to pay attention to the sensations of breathing in and breathing out, without trying to control your breath.

Into the meditation: attention to your breathing

4. As you become familiar with your breathing, bring your attention to the area of your body where your breathing is clearest or easiest to attend to. This could be the rising and falling of the abdomen, the expanding or contracting of the chest, or the sensation of air passing through the nostrils.

5. It may help with keeping your attention to your breathing by silently labelling the inhalations as ‘in’ or ‘out’.

6. The focus on the breath will help you to become attentive and aware in the present – not be distracted by things that have happened or which may happen in the future.

Distractions are OK

7. Whenever you become distracted or preoccupied with your thoughts,or other sensations or emotions, gently, without judgement re-focus your attention on the breath.

8. If other sensations or thoughts are too strong to remain attentive to the breath, let go of the breath, and let the stronger sensation be the focus of attention.

Foreground and background of attention

9. You may find it useful to distinguish between the foreground and background of awareness. As long as you can attend to your breath in the foreground – the main focal point, let the background experiences simply ‘be’.

10. When an emotional, mental or physical experience takes your breath away from the foreground, then take this as the new resting place for your awareness.

11. As an aid to remaining mindfully focused on an experience that is in the foreground, you may find it useful to gently name it as with a mental note. Sounds can be labelled as ‘hearing, hearing’, burning sensations as ‘burning, burning’. What is important is to sense, experience and remain present to whatever experience is being noted.

12. Maintain an open awareness of it for as long as it remains in the foreground of attention, noticing  how – if at all – the experience changes.

13. Once an experience is no longer sufficiently strong to demand your attention/ return your awareness to the breathing.

Distractions are only something new to pay attention to

14. So in mindfulness practice, you consciously and clearly rest your attention on the breath until something strongly distracts you from it.

15. When this occurs the so-called ‘distraction’ becomes the focus of the meditation.

Actually, mindfulness meditation has no distractions – only something new to pay attention to. Nothing is outside the scope of mindfulness meditation. Physical sensations, perceptions, feelings, emotions, thoughts, internal images, moods, desires and intentions are all included.

More in-depth with your attention: direct experience in the present

16. Throughout the meditation, keep your attention soft and relaxed, while alert and precise.

17. If you can distinguish between the ideas, images, concepts or stories associated with some experience and the direct felt sense of the experience let mindfulness rest with the direct experience.

18. Notice the physical or mental sensations that are actually arising in the present.

19. notice what happens to them as you are mindful of them – do they get stronger, weaker or stay the same.

Your relationship to your experience

20. Notice also your relationship to your experience: Do you notice aversion, attraction or desire, fear, judgement, condemnation, grasping, pride, frustration, or any other reaction?

21. The realisation that a painful physical sensation can be separate from your reaction to it, can help you find acceptance in the midst of discomfort.

22. It is also important to become mindful of when your reaction to an experience is more intense or pronounced than the experience itself.

23. When it is, your reaction can become the resting place – the foreground – of awareness.

Direct experience without judgement

24. Don’t get carried away with and participate in your thoughts and stories, but simply become aware of what is actually occurring in the body and in the mind.

25. As we learn to become alertly and calmly present in our meditation, a deeper intimacy with ourselves and the world of experience will arise.

26. As we cultivate our ability to be mindful without interfering, judging, avoiding or clinging to our direct experience, wellsprings of insight have a chance to surface.

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Related posts:

1. 4 Days Of Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognitive Efficiency
2. Mindfulness, Working Memory Capacity & Emotional Intelligence
3. Intelligence, Strategy, Mastery, Mind Hacking & Wisdom

This month’s edition of the psychological journal Emotion features a number of entirely new studies on the effects of mindfulness meditation on both working memory capacity (how much information we can manage in our minds at once) and our ability to manage our emotions – to be ‘emotionally intelligent’. The basic idea is that working memory is used not just to manage our cognitive resources to help with fluid intelligence but also to regulate our emotions better.  This connection between working memory and emotion is breaking news. Before summarizing the results, here is some background on mindfulness meditation – what it is, and what is known about it. You’ll be surprised about its benefits.

What is Mindfulness?

• Mindfulness means paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment, non-judgmentally.
• Mindfulness, a state of alertness in which the mind does not get caught up in thoughts, emotions, desires or sensations, but lets them come and go, much like watching a river flow by.
• Mindfulness is nonjudgmental observation: It is that ability of the mind to observe without criticism. When mindful, one sees things without condemnation or judgment. One does not decide and does not judge. One just observes.
• Mindfulness is non-egotistic alertness. It takes place without reference to self. With mindfulness one sees all phenomena without references to concepts like “me,” “my,” or “mine.” decide and does not judge. One just observes.
• Mindfulness is cultivated through meditation. It is a practice.

Benefits of Mindfulness

Mindfulness meditation practice can be transformative. It has been shown scientifically to have diverse and far-reaching impacts, and has the potential to transform the way we respond to life events.

• It reduces stress and negative emotional reactivity.
• It reduces psychopathology.
• It heightens attention and awareness.
• It promotes self-actualization.
• It enables seeing opportunities for open, spontaneous action in the world, free from egoism

Mindfulness in Society

Mindfulness meditation is becoming widely recognized as an effective tool  for mental and physical health. For example in the States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is financing more than 50 studies testing mindfulness techniques – up from 3 in the year 2000 – to help relieve stress, soothe addictive cravings, improve attention, lift despair.

Mindfulness and the military: Coping with stress

In one study just published in the journal Emotion by Amishi Jha and her colleagues persuaded 48 Marines who were headed to Iraq to participate in their scientific study. During a full eight weeks before deployment, one group of 31 Marines spent two practiced regular mindfulness meditation while another group of 17 men had no mindfulness training.

Jha wanted to know if mindfulness would improve soldiers’ ability to control  emotion by improving working memory capacity. The reasoning behind this was the idea that working memory capacity may not just helps manage information in reasoning and problem solving (which the High IQ Pro website promotes) –  but it might also help manage emotion and keep the brain functioning well under stress. This is a type of emotional intelligence.

The stress of deployment did – as expected – decrease the Marines’ working memory capacity, due to the stress before deployment. But those who practiced mindfulness for longer periods actually saw a significant increase in working memory capacity. Compared with soldiers who didn’t have the training, the ‘mindful’ Marines also experienced more positive moods and fewer negative moods.

Take home: Build fluid intelligence and shield it from stress with mindfulness meditation and working memory training.

Mindfulness could benefit people who are in similar situations to the military – those who require periods of intensive physical, mental and emotional demands on the job, such as firefighters, police officers, other first responders and crisis workers, the researchers say.

But more generally, mindfulness meditation can help shield cognitive functioning  and the exercise of our fluid intelligence under conditions of stress. Let’s face it: life is stressful – whether taking exams, or dealing with cognitive pressures at work! If the meditation is combined with High IQ Pro®, we have a powerful training combination!

I personally have for a long time combined High IQ Pro working memory training with mindfulness meditation. These results come as a nice vindication of something I’ve experienced to be highly valuable for more than a year now. I’ve understand for a long time that our intelligence is not just about information processing – it is also about smart with our emotions.

In the next post I will describe a method for mindfulness meditation practice for anyone who wants to tap into this amazing ‘mindware’.

Please comment if you have experience with meditation.

Related posts:

1. Mindfulness Meditation – How To Do It
2. 4 Days Of Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognitive Efficiency
3. Working memory capacity enhances piano sight reading performance

• A take-away restaurant offers a free home delivery or a ten per cent discount if you pick up.

Rather than:

• No discount for picking up and suffer a ten per cent fee for delivery.

Which sounds more appealing?

Recent experiments by David Hardisty and colleagues show how advertisers can ‘mindhack’ effectively using the framing effect for green products.

‘Tax’ vs ‘Offset’

Hundreds of online participants in the US chose between various flights, computers and other products. In each case they could choose a cheaper option or a more expensive, greener option. The extra expense was either called a ‘tax’ to help reduce carbon emissions, or an ‘offset’ to do the same – two ways of ‘framing’ the same thing. When the ‘tax’ label was used, republicans and Independents were much less likely to choose the more expensive option compared to when the ‘offset’ label was used.

Another study in which participants shared their thoughts as they made their product choices revealed that when the expensive option was labelled as a tax, Republicans and Independents tended to weigh-up the advantages of the cheaper option first before they considered the benefits of the greener choice, regardless of which order the options were presented, and to generate biased supporting evidence for the cheaper product.

The same ‘tax’ vs ‘offset’ framing effects were not found for Democrats.

The researchers concluded that ‘What might seem like a trivial semantic difference to one person can have a large impact on someone else.’ In this case, different political preferences went with different framing sensitivities.

Reference

Hardisty, D., Johnson, E., & Weber, E. (2009). A Dirty Word or a Dirty World?: Attribute Framing, Political Affiliation, and Query Theory. Psychological Science, 21 (1), 86-92 DOI: 10.1177/0956797609355572

Related posts:

1. Mind-Hacking With The Framing Effect

We tend to assume that we make logical decisions based on the available facts – and that our memories are an accurate record of what happened to us. In this blog we look at what is called a ‘cognitive bias’ – one of many that distort our thinking and even alter our memories.

Today we will look at what psychologists call ‘framing effects’, often used in advertising.

The way a question is “framed” often has an influence on how people answer that question: the exact same problem produces different answers based on how the problem is described. That’s what the term framing effect means.

How framing can distort our reasoning

Here is the scenario presented in a classic study of the framing effect:

You work for the Centers for Disease Control and there is an outbreak of a deadly disease called “The Mojave Flu” in a town of 600 people. All 600 people in the town are expected to die if you do nothing. Someone has come up with two different programs designed to fight to the disease:

With Program 1: 200 people in the town will be saved
With Program 2: There is a 1/3rd probability that 600 people will be saved, and a 2/3rds probability that no people will be saved.

Which would you pick?

In the original study, 72 percent of the subjects picked Program 1.

Now consider these two programs:

With Program 3: 400 people in the town will die
With Program 4: There is a 1/3rd probability that nobody will die, and a 2/3rds probability that 600 people will die.

Which of these do you pick?

In the study, 78 percent of the subjects picked Program 4. This shows the framing effect because Programs 1 and 3 mean the same thing, and Programs 2 and 4 mean the same thing – exactly the same thing. The only difference is the way the information is presented – how it is ‘framed’. In one ‘framing’ of the program 72% of people chose is, in another ‘framing’ of the exact same program, only 12% chose it.

How framing can distort our memories

Framing effects don’t only distort our reasoning, they also distort our actual memories. The psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has shown this in a classic study in which  participants saw a film of a traffic accident, after which they were asked questions about the event. Some people were asked ‘About how fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?’ Others were asked the same question but the verb ‘contacted’ was replaced by either hit, bumped, collided, or smashed. So there were  5 different ways of framing the question . Even though all of the participants saw the same film, the wording of the question had an impact on their answers. The speed estimates were 31mph for contacted, 34mph for hit, 38mph for bumped, 39mph for collided, and 41mph for smashed.

One week later, the participants were asked whether they had seen broken glass at the accident site. The correct answer was ‘no,’ but 32% of the participants who were given the ’smashed’ condition said that they had.

So just using a choice word in a single question asked in the past can distort our memories!

Mind Hacking: How advertisers, politicians & the media use framing

Mind hacking is when the critical faculty of the mind is deliberately bypassed to establish ‘selective’ thinking. Framing can be a method for mind hacking.

Framing is used in advertising all the time. Keep an eye out for examples, and share them if you find any good ones.

Framing effects are also widely used  in politics – to great effect. Buzzwords and political terms are constantly being coined and promoted to try to stay on the positive side of public opinion.

Frank Luntz is an example of a political consultant who has worked with Republican candidates to frame various policy issues to make them more appealing to the general public. Among other things, Luntz is responsible for the re-framing the term “global warming” to “climate change”. Pro Republican media outlets such as Fox News, then adopt the term and broadcaste it to the general public.

How we can overcome framing effects

Framing effects are powerful, and can be deliberately manipulated to great effect. When we recognize that this bias exists, we can gain some control over it. This blog post is an example of what is called ‘Mindware’ – in this case knowledge can use to overcome a powerful thinking bias.   The next time you hear a politician or an advertisement for some product, listen closely and decipher if there is any framing going on.

Research by Stanovich and West (2008) also shows that when you are aware that there may be a framing effect trying to ‘mind hack’ you, the more intelligent you are the more likely you are to overcome the bias. Overcoming the bias needs you to hold back your automatic response and reason it through. This takes working memory power. The ability to overcome automatic responses is improved using our High IQ Pro® software.

Related posts:

1. Framing Effects In Advertising
2. Intelligence, Strategy, Mastery, Mind Hacking & Wisdom
3. Harness Anger Intelligently For Better Perspective

What’s fluent is believable

Shares in companies with easy-to-pronounce names outperform those with hard-to-pronounce names. Why?

If you present a person with a factual statement in a clean, clear font, so it is easier to mentally process, people judge it as more likely to be true than the same statement presented in a less fluid font. Why?

If something trips off the tongue, or even if it rhymes, it will instinctively be felt to be more true and we are more likely to believe it. If it sounds awkward or unfamiliar we are more likely to be suspicious. Why?

The answer is that we are designed to instinctively believe and prefer what is easier to process – what is fluent.

Fluency plays an important role in decisions about everything from the products we buy to the people we find attractive to the candidates we vote for – in short, in any situation where we weigh information and make judgements.

Why do we believe what’s easy?

Our worlds are awash with information. We’re having to process it all the time, and we need to be efficient in the swamp of information to function and get on. For this reason we like to spend time in the most efficient information flows in life – involving least effort and more ease.

When something is fluid, we’ve already done the thinking about it – it’s familiar and known, we have absorbed as knowledge in our brain’s neural networks. It’s a way of being efficient to be more attracted to this kind of information, and trust it more. Instinctively we prefer efficiency.

What is fluent is what feels ‘intuitive’ to us. Intuition and fluency go together.

We are very sensitive to the feelings of easiness or difficulty, but we are often unaware where the feeling comes from. This fact has been exploited by psychologists.

Here’s one example.  It has been shown that when people read about a workout routine in a font that is less legible, they rate the exercise as more difficult than if they read about it in a clear font – in short, they unknowingly transfer the sense of difficulty in reading to the  the topic.

What is difficulty good for?

1. Learning, expertise, & achievement

Mastering new skills so that they become effortless and fluid and efficient requires effort and focused practice – this is what ‘training’ is all about (see http://www.highiqpro.com/iq-mindware/how-making-mistakes-builds-intuition-expertise). And the more that we experiment and make mistakes the better we learn and the more we build our intuitions and expertise. This is essential for achievement.

Effective practice means you have to embrace new information and what is not fluent and intuitive.  Without this, expertise and achievement won’t happen.

2. Critical thinking

Researchers have found that a difficult font can increase dramatically the number of people who catch the mistake in this sentence: “How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark?” The answer is “none” – Moses wasn’t on the Ark.  If you are on ‘easy’ automatic mode, you are unlikely to spot the error.

According to Adam Alter, a psychologist at New York University, “Disfluency (difficulty) functions as a cognitive alarm. It sets up a cognitive roadblock and makes people think, and it triggers a sense of risk and concern.”

When there is more of a sense of risk or concern, there is more analysis and more thinking – we exercise our intelligence more. When something isn’t fluent it prompts us to think carefully and catch mistakes. This can be useful when we need to think critically – for example, in making a good decision, or solving a problem, or evaluating a claim made by the media or advertisers.

3. New life experience & originality

What is fluid is what is known and familiar. Going beyond what is familiar and easy is needed for new life experience and for any sort of originality or creativity. So if you want change and new experience, you’ll have to leave what is fluid and intuitive, and challenge yourself with unfamiliar information.

Why High IQ Pro® training is hard: because it makes what is difficult easier

High IQ Pro® software is designed to be mentally challenging for the full 20 days. It continually changes its difficulty level to make sure it never becomes easy! Why? Because it conditions your mind to make processing new, unfamiliar information easier. Thinking, and dealing with the new, is normally hard. The software makes it easier. It enables you to develop intuitions quicker. This is useful for what we’ve describe above -  for learning & becoming an expert, for critical thinking, and for creativity and originality.

No related posts.

Ignore the word, just say the colour of the ink.

(right click to download image if it is not visible)

How did you do? Any problems?

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The Stroop Effect

This is a famous test in cognitive psychology called the Stroop task (named after the psychologist John Stroop who first studied it).

The fact you were slowed down – or made errors – while trying not to let the meaning of the words interfere with your ability to say out loud the colours - is called the Stroop Effect.

In the first two lines, there should have been no problem in naming the colours - because the meaning of the words and the colours match. But in the next lines, the meaning of the words and the colours  are a mismatch – there is a conflict and this causes the problem, slowing you down and causing errors.

IQ Insight

What explains the Stroop effect? The effect can be explained by theconflict between two types of information processing:

1. a type of information processing that is natural and automatic -reading the words: something you have done countless times.
2. a type of information processing that requires deliberate selective attention to unusual information that you have been instructed to process (naming the colours), while suppressing/ignoring the natural interference from your automatic, well learned response to the word meaning.

The ability to flexibly attend to different aspects of our world in ways that are not routine or automatic is at the heart of our fluid intelligence.  You cannot use your fluid intelligence on autopilot. And there is good evidence that your fluid intelligence is closely related to your ability to stay on track in a task or while pursuing a goal -  and not to get distracted by interfering information or automatic modes of thinking or behaving that don’t help you attain your goal.

Our High IQ Pro® software helps train fluid intelligence, and because of this it helps with task focus and ignoring distraction and there is scientific evidence that it improves performance on this Stoop brain twister.

Related posts:

1. Matrices Problems In Mensa’s IQ tests
2. 4 Days Of Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognitive Efficiency

1. Confidence in your own intelligence.

2. New, challenging experience.

3. A healthy diet and brain nutrition.

4. Regular exercise.

5. Working memory brain training.

6. Being free from chronic stress: meditating.

7. Having good sleep.

8. Mindware.

“Intelligence is quickness in seeing things as they are.”George Santayana, philosopher. ”There is no slavery but ignorance. Liberty is the child of intelligence.”Robert G. Ingersoll, Civil War Veteran & Political Leader.

Related posts:

1. IQ, Brain Fitness & Peak Performance
2. Running Improves Fluid Intelligence
3. Mindfulness, Working Memory Capacity & Emotional Intelligence